辟穀 (Bigu, literally "avoiding grain") is a Daoist practice of abstaining from cereals and sometimes all food, believed to promote spiritual cultivation and longevity.
Historical Context
Bigu has roots in Chinese Daoism dating back over 2,000 years. It is mentioned in texts like the Zhuangzi and was practiced by Daoist hermits as part of spiritual cultivation.
Philosophy
In traditional Chinese medicine and Daoist philosophy, grains are believed to feed the "three worms" (三蟲) - parasitic spirits that shorten life and cloud consciousness. By avoiding grains, practitioners aim to:
- Purify the body
- Achieve longevity
- Advance spiritual development
- Access higher states of consciousness
Modern Practice
In contemporary China, Bigu is sometimes practiced as part of Qigong training. Some research was conducted on Bigu practitioners during the Qigong fever of the 1980s and 1990s.
Scientific Research
Limited studies have been conducted in China, though methodological rigor is often questioned. Claims range from reduced caloric needs to complete food abstinence.
Distinction from Western Breatharianism
Bigu traditionally refers specifically to grain avoidance, not complete food abstinence. Many historical Bigu practitioners consumed fruits, nuts, and herbal preparations. The complete food abstinence claims are a more recent development.